mmv  OF  ANIMAL  mmm 

IKSTRUCTIONS  FOR  EMPLOYEES 
■   ENGAGED  IN  ERADICATING  ' 
■■:  FOOT-AND-MOUTH  DISEASE 


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THE  UNIVERSITY 

i 

OF  ILLINOIS  I 
LIBRARY 

I 


JAN  18  1916 


Issued  November  26, 1915. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU  OF  ANIMAL  INDUSTRY. 


INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  EMPLOYEES 
ENGAGED  IN  ERADICATING 
FOOT-AND-MOUTH 
'  DISEASE. 
JAN  1 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE, 
1915. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry, 
Washington,  D.  C,  October^,  1915. 
To  Bureau  Employees: 

The  following  information  and  instructions  regarding 
methods  to  be  followed  in  the  eradication  of  foot-and- 
mouth  disease  are  issued  for  the  guidance  of  bureau  em- 
ployees and  others  engaged  in  that  work.  These  instruc- 
tions are  supplemental  to  the  various  formal  department 
orders  and  regulations  relating  to  this  subject. 

A.  D.  Melvin, 
Chief  of  Bureau, 

(2) 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction   5 

Inspection   5 

Parts  to  be  examined   5 

Lesions   q 

Scope  of  inspection   q 

Report  to  chief  of  bureau   q 

Inoculation  of  test  animals   7 

Disinfection  on  leaving  premises   7 

Procedure  where  infection  is  found   7 

Cooperation  with  State  authorities   7 

Quarantine   7 

Publicity   g 

Transportation  of  employees  and  equipment..  8 

Tracing  shipments   g 

Tracing  source  of  infection   9 

' Ordering  supplies   9 

Care  of  supplies   iq 

v\\Equipment  of  inspectors   10 

L          Personal  disinfection   10 

Equipment  for  guards   IX 

Disposal  of  infected  herds   H 

Confirmation  of  diagnosis   11 

Appraisal  of  animals   H 

Trenches  for  burying  animals   12 

^          Slaughtering  the  animals   I3 

—          Slashing  hides  and  evisceration  of  carcasses...  13 
Filling  the  trench  and  disinfecting  implements, 

etc   13 

^  (3) 

325748 


4 


Page. 


Cleaning  and  disinfection  of  premises   14 

Disinfecting  crew   14 

Equipment  of  crew   14 

Destruction  of  property   15 

Record  of  property  destroyed   15 

Payment  for  property  destroyed   16 

Cleaning  and  scrubbing  buildings,  etc   16 

Application  and  selection  of  disinfectants   17 

Infected  hay  and  straw   18 

Disposal  of  manure   18 

Disinfection  of  dogs,  poultry,  etc   19 

Thoroughness  essential   19 

Disinfection  of  cars   19 

Period  of  exposure   19 

Method   19 

Records  of  cars  cleaned   20 

Farm-to-farm  inspection   20 

Area  to  cover   20 

Number  of  inspections   20 

Record  of  inspections   21 

Equipment  of  inspectors   21 

Procedure   21 

Field  headquarters   21 

Reports  to  headquarters   22 

Miscellaneous   22 

Forwarding  reports   22 

Resistance  to  inspectors   22 

Shipments  from  quarantined  areas   23 

Infection  at  establishments  under  Federal  meat 

inspection   23 

Reporting  unexpended  property  at  completion 

of  work   24 


INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  EMPLOYEES  EN- 
GAGED IN  ERADICATING  FOOT-AND- 
MOUTH  DISEASE. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  following  instructions  are  issued  for  the  information 
and  guidance  of  employees  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Indus- 
try and  others  who  may  at  any  time  be  engaged  in  the 
eradication  of  foot-and-mouth  disease.  These  instructions 
are  supplementary  to  and  are  intended  in  no  manner  to 
supersede  or  conflict  with  any  regulations  which  have 
been,  or  later  may  be,  issued  by  the  department. 

Veterinary  inspectors  in  all  branches  of  the  departmental 
service  and  also  local  practitioners  should  constantly  be  on 
the  lookout  for  foot-and-mouth  disease.  Notwithstanding 
the  department  has  taken  every  practical  precaution  to 
eradicate  the  infection  and  to  prevent  the  reintroduction 
of  the  disease  into  this  country,  the  infection  may  recur 
or  again  be  introduced  from  abroad.  If  in  the  examina- 
tion of  animals  any  condition  may  be  found  that  arouses 
suspicion  of  foot-and-mouth  disease,  a  careful  inspection 
should  be  made  along  the  lines  herein  outlined,  and  the 
chief  of  the  bureau  immediately  informed  of  the  situa- 
tion by  telegraph.  In  order  to  keep  in  mind  the  symp- 
toms and  lesions  of  the  disease,  veterinarians  should  read 
from  time  to  time  Farmers'  Bulletin  666,  as  well  as  other 
standard  veterinary  works  on  foot-and-mouth  disease. 

INSPECTION. 

Parts  to  be  Examined. — All  cattle,  sheep,  other  rumi- 
nants, and  swine  suspected  of  being  infected  with  foot-and- 
mouth  disease,  or  where  the  sUghtest  reason  exists  as  to  the 

(5) 


6 


possibility  of  their  being  so  affected,  should  be  given  a 
careful  and  systematic  examination  in  order  to  determine 
whether  or  not  such  infection  exists.  This  inspection 
should  include  the  mouth,  feet,  teats,  udder,  and  peri- 
neum of  cows,  for  the  specific  lesions  of  the  disease,  and 
the  mouth  and  feet  of  sheep,  other  ruminants,  and  swine. 

Lesions. — The  only  specific  lesion  is  the  vesicular  erup- 
tion in  the  form  of  vesicles  or  blisters  with  fluid  contents, 
but  next  in  order  of  importance  in  diagnosing  the  disease 
Is  the  erosion  showing  abrupt  borders  which  cause  it  to 
present  a  punched-out  appearance.  Temperatures  of  all 
animals  in  the  herd  should  be  recorded. 

Scope  of  Inspection. — The  examination  should  not 
be  confined  to  the  suspicious  animals,  but  should  include 
all  susceptible  animals  of  different  species  on  the  farm, 
and  if  the  suspicion  of  foot-and-mouth  disease  is  strong, 
the  inspection  should  extend  to  animals  on  adjacent  farms. 
The  number  of  animals  affected  and  a  description  of  the 
lesions  should  be  noted.  Special  inquiry  should  be  made 
into  the  history  of  the  condition  and  all  information  avail- 
able should  be  considered  with  the  view  of  ascertaining  if 
there  is  any  evidence  of  contagion. 

Report  to  Chief  of  Bureau. — In  all  cases  of  foot-and- 
mouth  disease,  even  where  there  are  only  slight  grounds  for 
suspicion  of  a  new  outbreak,  the  matter  should  be  reported 
IMMEDIATELY  BY  WIRE  to  the  chicf  of  the  bureau  and  a  de- 
tailed written  report  should  be  forwarded  as  soon  as  possible. 
This  report  should  include  a  description  of  the  lesions  and 
their  location,  the  number  of  susceptible  animals  of  each 
species  on  the  farm,  the  number  of  animals  of  each  species 
affected,  the  temperature  record,  and  the  history,  in- 
cluding the  evidence,  if  any,  of  contagion.  At  the  same 
time  there  should  be  forwarded  to  the  department,  in 
tightly  sealed  containers,  material  immersed  in  a  solution 
of  equal  parts  of  glycerin  and  boiled  water  for  microscopic 
and  inoculation  purposes.    This  material  should  include 


7 


the  contents  of  vesicles  where  available,  and  where  not 
available,  specimens  from  the  freshest  erosions  or  ulcers 
should  be  forwarded. 

Inoculation  of  Test  Animals. — In  all  suspicious  in- 
stances where  a  positive  diagnosis  can  not  be  made,  veteri- 
narians should  proceed  immediately,  without  waiting  for 
a  reply  to  their  report,  to  make  inoculation  tests  on  hogs 
or  calves,  preferably  yearling  calves,  in  order  to  ascertain 
if  the  disease  is  transmissible .  This  may  be  done  through 
scarification  of  the  gingiva  of  the  test  animal,  into  which 
may  be  rubbed  (with  a  clean  cob  or  other  swab)  some  of  the 
vesicular  matter  or  specimens  from  lesions  of  the  suspected 
animal,  or  such  inoculation  may  be  made  by  the  use  of  a 
hypodermic  syringe. 

Disinfection  on  Leaving  Premises. — Care  should  be 
taken  on  leaving  any  suspected  premises  to  disinfect  the 
person  and  clothing  in  the  manner  described  in  another 
chapter. 

PROCEDURE  WHERE  INFECTION  IS  FOUND. 

Cooperation  with  State  Authorities. — As  soon  as 
the  diagnosis  has  been  confirmed  by  the  special  represent- 
ative of  the  department,  the  chief  o^he  bureau  will  invite 
the  proper  State  authorities  to  cooperate  with  the  depart- 
ment in  the  arrest  and  eradication  of  the  disease,  and  a 
veterinary  inspector  will  be  designated  to  take  charge  of 
the  work.  The  latter  should  promptly  ask  for  the  neces- 
sary help,  and  cooperate  with  the  State  authorities  in  ascer- 
taining the  extent  of  the  outbreak  and  in  formulating  State 
quarantine  regulations.  He  should  prevail  upon  the  State 
authorities  to  quarantine  the  infected  premises  immedi- 
ately, and  endeavor  to  make  arrangements  with  them  to 
place  guards  on  each  of  the  infected  premises  day  and  night 
to  see  that  the  quarantine  is  preserved. 

Quarantine.— The  owners  of  affected  herds  should  be 
fully  instructed  concerning  the  nature  of  the  disease  and 


8 


the  importance  of  maintaining  a  strict  quarantine.  The 
owners  of  adjacent  farms  should  also  be  notified  and 
instructed  in  order  that  they  may  take  precautions  to 
protect  their  herds  against  infection.  The  stockyards  in 
the  infected  districts  should  be  closed  immediately  and 
creameries  and  cheese  factories  investigated  to  see  that 
skim  milk,  buttermilk,  and  whey  are  being  properly  ster- 
ilized before  being  returned  to  farmers;  otherwise  they  also 
should  be  closed. 

Publicity. — The  widest  publicity  of  the  outbreak 
should  be  given  from  the  beginning  through  the  daily 
papers  and  the  distribution  of  posters,  special  circulars, 
and  similar  literature.  Public  meetings  of  farmers  and 
stockmen  from  the  territory  bordering  the  infected  area 
should  be  called  to  discuss  foot-and-mouth  disease  and  the 
methods  to  be  employed  in  eradicating  it,  with  particular 
reference  to  the  duties  of  live-stock  owners  and  what  will 
be  expected  of  them.  Stock  owners  from  infected  farms 
or  adjacent  premises  should  be  discouraged  from  attending 
these  meetings  in  order  to  obviate  the  danger  of  spreading 
infection,  as  all  necessary  information  regarding  these  mat- 
ters will  be  carried  to  them  by  veterinary  inspectors  mak- 
ing farm-to-farm  inspections.  The  veterinary  inspector  in 
charge  of  this  work  shoiild  see  to  it  that  representatives  of 
the  State  authorities,  members  of  live-stock  associations, 
and  interested  live-stock  owners  of  the  community  be 
requested  to  speak  at  these  meetings. 

Transportation  of  Employees  and  Equipment. — 
Arrangements  should  be  made  immediately  for  the  trans- 
portation of  employees  and  their  equipment  so  there  will 
be  no  delay  when  the  assistants  arrive. 

Tracing  Shipments. — A  report  should  be  secured  of 
all  live-stock  shipments  that  have  been  made  from  the 
community  since  the  disease  appeared.  All  suspicious 
shipm.ents  should  be  traced  to  destination  and  back  to  the 


9 


farm  where  the  stock  originated  in  order  to  ascertain  if 
there  was  any  probability  that  they  were  infected  when 
shipped.  These  precautions  should  be  taken  to  limit  the 
spread  of  the  disease  as  quickly  as  possible. 

The  veterinary  inspectors  located  at  various  public 
stockyards  should  be  informed  immediately  by  telephone 
or  telegraph  of  any  diseased,  suspicious,  or  exposed  animals 
that  were  shipped  from  the  infected  community  to  public 
stockyards.  A  record  should  be  made  of  all  live-stock  cars 
that  carried  infected  or  exposed  animals  out  of  the  in- 
fected district,  and  arrangements  made  with  the  various 
railroad  companies  for  the  cleaning  and  disinfecting  of 
such  cars  before  they  are  again  used. 

Tracing  Source  of  Infection. — It  is  important  that 
an  investigation  be  made  immediately  to  determine  if 
possible  the  source  of  infection  in  order  to  prevent  an- 
other outbreak  from  the  same  source.  Veterinary  in- 
spectors should  be  detailed  immediately  to  scout  in  the 
community  wherever  rumor  or  suspicion  leads  in  order 
to  locate  and  quarantine  all  infected  herds  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible. In  addition  to  the  scouts,  other  veterinary  in- 
spectors should  be  detailed  to  make  a  careful,  systematic 
inspection  of  all  live  stock  within  a  radius  of  3  miles  or 
more  of  the  infected  premises. 

Ordering  Supplies. — As  soon  as  the  diagnosis  of  foot- 
and-mouth  disease  has  been  confirmed,  the  veterinary  in- 
spector in  charge  should  order  by  telegraph  or  telephone 
sufficient  supplies  to  meet  immediate  needs.  In  order  to 
save  time  the  telephone  or  telegraph  should  be  used  in  secur- 
ing prices  from  different  firms  handling  the  needed  supplies. 
The  usual  supplies  used  in  combating  an  outbreak  of  foot- 
and-mouth  disease  are  dress-suit  cases,  rubber  goods  such 
as  boot^,  coats,  hats,  gloves,  fumigating  capes,  also  sponges, 
permanganate  of  potassium,  formaldehyde,  bichlorid  of 
mercury  tablets,  compound  solution  of  cresol,  chlorid  of 
lime,  and  pumps.   For  each  pump  there  should  be  ordered 

10608—15—2 


10 


100  feet  of  3-ply  steam  hose  and  attachments,  two  spraying 
nozzles,  and  an  extra  supply  of  leather  valves.  Imple- 
ments such  as  shovels,  forks,  hoes,  scrapers,  picks,  crowbars, 
axes,  etc.,  used  in  connection  with  the  cleaning  of  the 
premises  before  disinfection  must  also  be  procured.  In 
order  to  facilitate  the  transportation  of  the  pumps  and 
equipment,  it  is  advisable  to  have  made  for  each  outfit  a 
wooden  chest  fitted  with  lock  and  key.  This  chest  should 
be  made  like  a  carpenter's  tool  chest. 

Care  of  Supplies. — From  the  beginning  a  competent 
lay  inspector  should  be  detailed  to  look  after  the  supplies. 
His  duties  should  consist  in  receiving  and  issuing  supplies, 
keeping  records  of  all  supplies  received,  issued,  ordered, 
or  exchanged,  and  to  see  that  additional  supplies  are 
ordered  in  time,  so  that  they  will  be  received  before  the 
supplies  on  hand  are  exhausted. 

EQUIPMENT  OF  INSPECTORS. 

Personal  Disinfection. — All  veterinarians  and  others 
engaged  in  the  examination  of  animals  for  symptoms  of 
foot-and-mouth  disease,  or  who  have  occasion  to  visit  any 
premises  upon  which  such  animals  have  been  kept,  shall 
be  supplied  with  and  make  use  of  the  following  equip- 
ment: 

1  suit  case  or  other  receptacle  for  carrying  department 

property,  disinfectants,  etc. 
1  rubber  cape,  for  use  in  personal  disinfection. 
1  rubber  coat. 
1  pair  rubber  boots. 
1  pair  rubber  gloves. 
1  rubber  hat. 
1  wash  pan.^ 
1  disinfecting  pan. 
1  sponge. 

1  bottle  of  bichlorid  of  mercury  tablets. 

1  bottle  of  formalin. 

1  bottle  of  potassium  permanganate 


»  Enamel  pans  should  be  used,  as  bichlorid  of  mercury  is  reduced  in 
strength  by  contact  with  metal. 


11 


Upon  conclusion  of  the  examination  of  live  stock,  and 
before  leaving  the  premises,  each  employee  should  sponge 
the  rubber  hat,  boots,  gloves,  and  coat,  both  on  the  outside 
and  on  those  portions  of  the  inside  which  might  have 
become  contaminated,  with  a  solution  of  bichlorid  of  mer- 
cury, of  not  less  than  1-1,000  strength,  and  if  the  premises 
have  been  found  to  be  infected  with  disease,  in  addition, 
shall  fumigate  himself  by  fastening  the  cape  about  the 
neck  and  placing  beneath,  upon  the  ground,  the  disin- 
fecting pan,  into  which  shall  be  placed  about  2  drams  of 
potassium  permanganate  over  which  shall  be  poured  about 
1  ounce  of  formalin;  the  cape  and  pan  should  not  be  re- 
moved until  the  formaldehyde  gas  so  formed  shall  have 
had  sufficient  time  to  penetrate  all  clothing,  etc.  If  used 
in  cold  weather  it  may  be  found  necessary  to  warm  the 
pan  slightly. 

Equipment  for  Guards. — Where  guards  are  main- 
tained on  infected  premises  they  should  also  be  supplied 
with  the  above  equipment,  with  which  they  should  prop- 
erly disinfect  any  person  whom  it  may  be  necessary  to 
allow  to  leave  the  premises. 

DISPOSAL  OF  INFECTED  HERDS. 

Confirmation  of  Diagnosis.— As  soon  as  foot-and- 
mouth  disease  is  reported  by  a  veterinary  inspector,  the 
diagnosis  should  be  confirmed  by  at  least  one  other  veteri- 
narian. After  the  diagnosis  has  been  confirmed,  arrange- 
ments should  be  made  for  the  disposal  of  the  animals  (dig- 
ging of  a  trench,  etc.),  and  while  these  arrangements  are 
being  completed  the  animals  should  be  appraised. 

Appraisal  of  Animals. — Appraisals  are  usually  made 
by  two  appraisers  working  together,  one  a  representative 
of  the  State  and  one  a  representative  of  the  Department 
of  Agriculture.  Care  should  be  exercised  in  selecting 
appraisers  in  order  to  see  that  only  men  of  proper  tempera- 


12 


ment,  good  judgment,  and  who  are  familiar  with  the 
various  classes  of  live  stock  are  chosen  for  this  duty.  Ap- 
praisements must  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  regula- 
tions governing  the  same. 

Trenches  for  Burying  Animals. — Where  animals  are 
to  be  disposed  of  by  slaughter  and  burial,  the  digging  of 
the  trench  should  be  started  as  soon  as  possible  after  the 
diagnosis  has  been  confirmed.  The  owner  of  the  affected 
herd  should,  if  possible,  be  induced  to  take  the  contract 
for  digging  the  trench,  but  if  the  owner  refuses,  or  is  unable 
80  to  do,  a  contractor  should  be  hired  to  do  the  work.  A 
lay  inspector  should  be  detailed  where  possible  to  super- 
vise the  digging  and  should  be  instructed  to  remain  upon 
the  premises  until  the  work  is  finished.  The  contract 
price  for  the  trench  should  be  based  on  an  agreed  price  of 
so  much  per  cubic  yard,  with  the  further  agreement  that 
the  trench  be  completed  as  quickly  as  possible.  In  dig- 
ging small  trenches,  the  work  can  be  frequently  done 
more  quickly  and  cheaply  if  done  by  laborers  with  picks 
and  shovels,  but  in  digging  large  trenches  contractors 
should  be  properly  equipped  with  teams,  plows,  scrapers, 
etc.  Contracts  should  be  made  in  writing,  stating  the 
amount  of  dirt  to  be  moved,  whether  the  price  is  to  include 
covering  the  animals  when  killed,  and  all  details,  and 
signed  by  both  the  contractor  and  the  agent  for  the  de- 
partment. Trenches  should  be  about  7  feet  deep,  7  feet 
wide,  and  long  enough  to  allow  all  carcasses  to  rest  upon 
one  side  at  the  bottom.  The  length  may  be  readily  cal- 
culated by  allowing  2  feet  per  adult  cattle.  Usually 
there  is  room  in  a  trench  of  this  size  for  the  additional 
number  of  hogs  and  sheep  found  on  the  average  farm, 
allowing  two  hogs  or  sheep  for  each  cow.  If  the  number 
of  hogs  and  sheep  exceeds  this  proportion,  additional  space 
should  be  provided  in  specifying  the  length  of  the  trench. 
Frequently  it  will  be  found  advisable  to  construct  a  tem- 


13 


porary  pen  at  the  side  of  the  trench.  The  animals  are 
driven  into  the  pen,  shot,  and  their  bodies  rolled  into  the 
trench  after  being  dragged  to  the  side  of  the  trench  either 
by  laborers  or  horses.  Five  or  more  feet  of  earth  should 
cover  all  carcasses.  Trenches  should  be  dug  at  convenient 
points,  near  the  affected  animals,  in  order  that  they  be 
not  driven  over  uninfected  territory.  If  the  sides  and 
one  end  of  the  trench  are  made  perpendicular,  with  the 
remaining  end  sloping,  the  animals  may  be  generally 
driven  into  the  trench,  and  confined  there  by  a  gate 
swung  across  the  open  end.  In  this  position  they  can  be 
slaughtered  in  such  a  manner  that  little  labor  will  be 
entailed. 

Slaughtering  the  Animals. — No  more  men  than 
necessary  should  be  kept  from  other  work  to  do  the  slaugh- 
tering. One  inspector  in  charge  and  two  assistants  are 
usually  sufficient  to  constitute  a  slaughtering  crew,  and  in 
the  case  of  small  herds  two  men  only  are  necessary. 
Handling  and  slaughter  of  all  condemned  animals  should 
be  done  in  the  most  humane  manner  possible.  Animals 
should  be  killed  by  shooting,  and  the  work  should  be  done 
by  a  competent  marksman.  For  this  purpose  a  rifle  of 
sufliciently  large  caliber  to  kill  instantly  should  be  selected . 
A  .25-20  rifle  or  some  similar  gun  is  recommended.  Aim 
should  be  taken  with  a  view  to  destroying  the  brain. 

Slashing  Hides  and  Evisceration  of  Carcasses. — 
After  slaughter,  all  animals  should  have  the  hides  or  skins 
slashed  through  in  such  a  manner  as  to  destroy  the  pelts 
for  commercial  use.  The  carcasses  should  be  eviscerated 
and  covered  with  unslaked  lime.  The  amount  of  lime 
used  may  vary  with  local  conditions,  the  ability  to  secure 
same,  etc.  A  barrel  of  lime  for  every  6  to  8  cattle  or  12  to 
15  sheep  or  swine  is  usually  sufficient.  If  the  animals  are 
large,  additional  lime  may  be  used. 

Filling  the  Trench  and  Disinfecting  Implements, 
etc. — The  trench  should  be  filled  with  earth  without 


14 


delay,  and  a  representative  of  the  State  or  department 
should  remain  on  the  premises  to  supervise  this  work. 
The  clothing  of  the  men  and  all  implements  and  articles 
used  shall  be  disinfected  under  supervision  before  they 
are  removed  from  the  premises. 

CLEANING  AND  DISINFECTION  OF  PREMISES. 

Disinfecting  Crew. — After  the  animals  are  slaughtered 
and  buried,  the  infected  premises  should  be  cleaned  and 
disinfected  without  delay.  A  disinfecting  crew  consisting 
of  an  inspector  in  charge,  a  lay  inspector  assistant,  and  from 
seven  to  nine  laborers  has  been  found  most  satisfactory, 
efficient,  and  economical.  The  lay  inspector  assistant 
should  be  competent  to  take  charge  of  the  crew  during  the 
absence  of  the  inspector  in  charge. 

Equipment  of  crew. — The  inspector  in  charge  of  the 
disinfecting  crew,  his  assistant,  and  two  nozzle  men  should 
be  supplied  with  a  complete  rubber  outfit,  consisting  of 
coat,  boots,  hat,  and  gloves.  Overalls  and  jumpers  should 
be  provided  for  the  remainder  of  the  men.  These  outer 
garments  should  be  removed  at  the  end  of  each  day's  work 
and  left  on  the  premises,  and  before  moving  to  another 
farm  or  premises  should  be  thoroughly  fumigated.  In 
order  to  hasten  the  work  of  cleaning  and  disinfecting 
infected  premises,  the  inspector  in  charge  of  the  disin- 
fecting work  should  precede  his  crew  with  a  view  of 
planning  the  work  in  advance  and  inducing  the  owners  to 
haul  out  the  manure  and  clean  the  barns  and  outbuildings 
preparatory  to  disinfection. 

All  disinfecting  crews  should  be  supplied  with  a  spray 
pump,  hose,  etc.,  and  disinfectants.  (The  strength  in 
which  the  various  disinfectants  should  be  prepared  is 
given  in  the  regulations.)  The  equipment  should  also 
include  containers  for  carrying  enough  disinfectants  for  a 
day's  work.    Milk  cans  for  liquid  disinfectants  and  a 


15 


tight  sugar  barrel  for  chlorid  of  lime  have  been  found  satis- 
factory. All  other  implements  found  necessary  in  this 
work,  such  as  forks,  rakes,  or  shovels,  should  be  purchased 
by  the  inspector  in  charge  and  the  purchase  sHp,  with 
approval,  forwarded  to  the  office  under  which  he  is  oper- 
ating. 

Destruction  of  Property. — Upon  arrival  at  infected 
premises  the  inspector  in  charge  of  the  disinfecting  crew 
should  make  an  inspection  to  ascertain  whether  it  is  neces- 
sary to  destroy  any  property  in  order  to  get  rid  of  the  infec- 
tion. Only  such  property  should  be  destroyed  as  is  neces- 
sary to  rid  the  premises  of  infection. 

Record  of  Property  Destroyed. — An  accurate  record 
should  be  kept  of  all  property  destroyed,  giving  the 
measurements,  kind,  and  quality.  The  owner  or  his  rep- 
resentative should  be  requested  to  be  present  when  the 
measurements  are  taken  or  other  records  made  of  property 
destroyed,  and  before  leaving  the  premises  the  inspector 
and  owner  should  jointly  sign  this  report.  Such  state- 
ments, or  the  book  in  which  such  records  are  kept,  should 
be  forwarded  as  promptly  as  practicable  to  the  office  of  the 
inspector  in  charge  of  the  district  in  order  that  vouchers 
may  be  prepared  and  sent  to  the  owner.  The  following 
form  of  statement  is  suggested: 

Owner  

Township  

County  State  

P.  0.  address  


350  feet  2-in.  plank; 

500  lbs.  timotny  hay; 

600  lbs.  straw; 

20  grain  bags  (fair) ; 

etc 

(Signed)  

Inspector. 


Date 


Owner. 


16 


Records  should  be  complete  in  order  to  avoid  the  neces- 
sity of  sending  another  representative  to  the  premises  later 
to  appraise  the  property  destroyed.  In  order  that  there 
may  be  uniformity  in  adjusting  claims  of  this  kind  the 
inspector  in  charge  of  the  disinfecting  crew  should  avoid 
as  far  as  possible  setting  any  price  on  the  property  de- 
stroyed. 

Payment  for  Property  Destroyed. — In  settling  for 
property  destroyed  the  inspector  in  charge  of  a  station 
should  inform  himself  regarding  the  price  of  hay,  straw, 
lumber,  etc.,  in  the  section  where  such  property  was  de- 
stroyed, and  in  settling  claims  allow  prices  accordingly, 
making  fair  allowance  for  waste  in  replacing  lumber  and 
for  hardware,  etc. 

Cleaning  and  Scrubbing  Buildings,  etc. — All  ma- 
nure, loose  litter,  and  trash  should  be  removed  from 
the  interior  of  buildings  and  burned.  Barns  and  other 
buildings  should  be  swept  down  thoroughly  and  all  over- 
head beams  or  other  projections  should  be  thoroughly 
cleaned.  In  case  there  are  stalls,  mangers,  feed  boxes, 
wooden  floors,  etc.,  which  are  decayed  or  in  such  condi- 
tion that  they  can  not  be  thoroughly  disinfected,  they 
may  be  torn  out  and  burned  after  being  measured  as  here- 
tofore described.  Before  destroying  such  property  the 
condition  of  the  lumber,  the  time  of  exposure,  and  the 
opportunity  for  infection  should  be  taken  into  considera- 
tion, and  it  should  be  carefully  borne  in  mind  that  if  the 
virus  of  foot-and-mouth  disease  can  be  reached  by  disin- 
fectants it  can  be  killed  with  less  expense  than  it  will  cost 
to  tear  out  and  replace. 

Disinfection  can  be  more  successfully  and  easily  accom 
plished  when  the  buildings  have  first  been  thoroughly 
cleaned.  Manure  should  be  cleaned  out  of  cracks,  posts 
stanchions,  etc.,  and  any  contamination  by  saUva  should 


17 


be  scraped  and  scrubbed.    For  this  latter  purpose  a  hot 
solution  of  sal  soda  is  usually  of  assistance. 
Application  and  Selection  of  Disinfectants. — A 

spray  pump  is  the  most  satisfactory  and  effective  means 
of  applying  disinfectants  to  large  surfaces,  such  as  walls, 
ceilings,  manure  piles,  hay  stacks,  straw  stacks,  etc. 

Care  should  be  exercised  in  selecting  suitable  disinfec- 
tants. A  solution  of  formaldehyde  is  considered  most 
suitable  for  hay,  straw,  harness,  blankets,  feed  bags,  lap 
robes,  and  finished  surfaces  of  walls,  ceilings,  etc. 

Ohlorid  of  lime  is  very  satisfactory  for  outside  disinfec- 
tion work  where  there  is  plenty  of  air,  as,  for  instance, 
manure  piles,  open  sheds,  stock  pens,  ground,  etc.,  but  the 
fumes  are  very  irritating  and  deleterious  to  those  who  at- 
tempt to  spray  with  it  in  closed  buildings.  Interiors  of 
buildings  may  be  sprayed  with  compound  solution  of  cresol 
(U.  S.  P.),  crystal  carbolic-acid  solution,  or  some  of  the 
other  disinfectants  prescribed  by  the  regi.ilations.  When 
desirable,  a  small  quantity  of  unslaked  lime  may  be  added 
to  the  solution  in  order  to  mark  where  the  disinfectant  has 
been  applied. 

Formaldehyde  gas  is  suitable  for  disinfecting  dwellings, 
cellars,  milk  houses,  granaries,  and  other  tight  buildings. 
Clothing  and  other  articles  that  can  not  be  dipped  or 
sprayed  may  be  hung  in  such  buildings  and  fumigated. 
Such  articles  as  chains,  halters,  feed  bags,  harness,  cloth 
lap  robes,  etc.,  should  be  dipped  in  a  compound  cresol 
solution. 

In  fumigating  buildings  with  formaldehyde  gas,  20 
ounces  of  formalin  (40  per  cent  formaldehyde  gas)  to  16f 
ounces  of  potassium  permanganate  are  required  to  disin- 
fect 1,000  cubic  feet  of  air  space.  A  violent  chemical  reac- 
tion takes  place  immediately  when  the  formalin  and  per- 
manganate are  brought  together. 


18 


Ordinarily  there  is  no  danger  of  fire  by  this  method .  In 
exceptional  cases,  however,  sparks  may  be  given  off  from 
the  mixture,  so  that  it  is  desirable  to  place  the  container 
inside  of  a  large  open  pot,  and  to  have  no  combustible 
material  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  generator. 

Methods  of  using  this  and  other  disinfectants  are  clearly 
explained  in  Farmers'  Bulletin  345,  ''Some  Common 
Disinfectants.'' 

Infected  Hay  and  Straw. — Where  haymows,  hay- 
stacks, and  straw  stacks  have  been  infected  by  animals 
feeding  from  the  sides  or  trampling  upon  it,  the  exposed 
sides  and  top  should  be  thoroughly  raked  off  or  cut  down 
for  a  distance  of  from  IJ  to  2  feet,  and  the  balance  of  the 
stack  sprayed  with  a  4  per  cent  formaldehyde  solution. 
The  hay  or  straw  removed  from  the  infected  stacks  should 
be  measured  and  burned,  a  record  being  kept  of  the  amount 
destroyed  in  order  that  adjustment  may  be  made. 

Disposal  of  Manure. — After  manure  has  been  disin- 
fected as  described  in  these  instructions,  it  may,  if 
weather  and  field  conditions  permit,  be  hauled  out  and 
spread  upon  a  field  to  be  plowed,  and  where  it  is  not  ac- 
cessible to  swine  or  ruminants.  If  it  is  impossible  to  dis- 
infect and  spread  the  manure  at  the  time,  it  should  be 
hauled  to  some  convenient  spot,  the  surface  forked  over 
and  sprayed  with  a  disinfectant  to  a  depth  of  from  6  to  10 
inches,  and  the  top  sprinkled  with  chlorid  of  lime  or  un- 
slaked Lime,  or  a  layer  of  6  inches  of  uncontaminated  horse 
manure.  A  strong  pig-proof  fence  should  then  be  built 
about  the  pile.  After  the  removal  of  this  pile  of  manure 
the  ground  upon  which  it  has  lain  should  be  limed  and  left 
exposed  to  the  sun  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  60  days. 

All  litter  and  manure  which  has  accumulated  in  the 
barn  lots  prior  to  the  slaughter  of  the  stock  must  be  cleaned 
up,  burned,  or  thoroughly  disinfected.    All  ground  from 


19 


which  said  litter  or  manure  is  cleaned  up  must  be  left 
exposed  to  the  sun  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  60  days 
before  permission  is  given  to  restock. 

Disinfection  of  Dogs,  Poultry,  etc. — Immediately 
upon  the  quarantine  of  infected  premises,  all  dogs,  poultry, 
etc.,  should  be  confined  until  disinfection  of  the  premises 
is  completed.  Before  being  released  such  poultry,  dogs, 
etc.,  should  be  dipped  under  the  supervision  of  an  inspec- 
tor. Such  animals  may  be  dipped  in  a  slightly  warmed 
solution,  containing  about  2  per  cent  of  compound  solution 
of  cresol,  or  disinfected  in  such  other  manner  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  the  chief  of  the  bureau. 

Thoroughness  Essential. — Disinfection  work  should 
be  completed  as  rapidly  as  possible,  but  it  should  be  borne 
in  mind  that  thoroughness  is  essential  to  the  success  of  the 
work.  If  conditions  are  such  that  improvements  can  be 
suggested  in  the  manner  of  disinfection  herein  prescribed 
such  plans  should  be  immediately  reported  to  the  inspector 
in  charge  of  the  work. 

DISINFECTION  OF  CARS. 

Period  of  Exposure. — All  railroad  cars  which  have  car- 
ried live  stock  in  any  quarantined  area  within  a  period  of  15 
days  of  the  date  of  an  outbreak  of  the  disease,  except  those 
cars  that  have  already  been  cleaned  and  disinfected  since 
last  used,  shall  be  cleaned  and  disinfected,  and  all  ma- 
nure or  litter  removed  from  infected  or  exposed  cars  and 
stockyards  shall  be  burned  or  disinfected.  During  winter 
weather  any  immovable  frozen  material  on  the  floors  of 
cars  shall  be  covered  with  air-slaked  lime  not  less  than  2 
inches  deep. 

Method. — The  rules  for  cleaning  and  disinfecting  cars 
should  be  essentially  those  governing  the  disinfection  of 


20 


buildings,  and  care  should  be  taken  that  all  corners  and 
crevices  are  reached  and  cleaned. 

Records  of  Cars  Cleaned. — All  employees  supervis- 
ing the  work  of  cleaning  and  disinfecting  cars  should  be 
instructed  to  take  the  numbers  and  initials  of  the  cars 
cleaned  and  disinfected  from  the  cars  and  not  from  the 
railroad  records,  and  to  make  a  careful  check  of  the  same 
before  reporting.  When  the  car  reported  cleaned  and  dis- 
infected is  not  a  live-stock  car,  the  class  of  car  to  which  it 
belongs  should  be  clearly  indicated,  as  ''box,"  ''gondola," 
etc. 

FARM-TO-FARM  INSPECTION. 

Area  to  Cover. — Farm-to-farm  inspection  should  cover 
areas  from  3  to  5  miles  in  radius  from  infected  farms. 
This  order,  however,  need  not  be  followed  literally  in  such 
instances  where  there  are  natural  barriers  or  boundaries 
such  as  rivers,  mountains,  or  forests.  On  the  other  hand, 
when  infection  has  occurred  on  several  places  along  a  fre- 
quently used  public  highway,  it  would  be  advisable  to 
proceed  along  this  highway  and  inspect  premises  for  a 
distance  of  probably  5  miles.  As  a  general  proposition 
farm-to-farm  inspection  should  extend  to  all  premises  sit- 
uated in  any  community  where  there  is  reason  to  believe 
infection  may  exist. 

Number  of  Inspections. — At  least  two,  and  frequently 
four  or  five  systematic  inspections  should  be  made  of  all 
live  stock  in  the  neighborhood  of  infected  premises.  The 
first  inspection  should  commence  as  soon  as  the  affected 
herd  is  discovered,  and  it  should  extend  for  2  or  3  miles  in 
every  direction  from  the  infected  premises.  Not  more 
than  15  days  should  intervene  between  the  first  and  second 
inspections,  and  the  second  inspection  should  be  extended 
to  include  all  susceptible  animals  within  a  radius  of  5 
miles  of  the  infected  premises. 


21 


Record  of  Inspections. — Each  inspector  should  keep 
a  record  of  all  inspections  made  in  a  field  book  provided 
for  the  purpose.  This  record  should  show  the  names  of 
the  liveryman  who  furnished  the  rig,  the  price,  the  name 
of  each  owner  of  animals  inspected,  number  of  animals  of 
each  species  inspected,  and  the  condition  of  the  animals 
when  inspected.  The  veterinary  inspector  detailed  to 
make  the  second  or  subsequent  inspections  should  have 
with  him  a  record  of  the  previous  inspections  to  guide  him. 

Equipment  of  Inspectors. — Inspectors  detailed  to 
make  farm-to-farm  inspection  should  each  be  provided  with 
a  suit  case,  rubber  goods,  including  hat,  coat,  gloves, 
boots,  and  fumigating  cape,  thermometer,  flash  light, 
bichlorid  tablets,  permanganate  of  potassium,  and  formal- 
dehyde. 

Procedure. — Inspectors  on  reaching  premises  where 
live  stock  is  to  be  inspected  should  always  put  on  their 
rubber  outer  garments  before  or  immediately  on  alighting 
from  their  conveyance,  and  they  should  alwa^j^s  thoroughly 
wash  their  rubber  garments  before  leaving  the  premises. 
If  foot-and-mouth  disease  is  found,  or  any  condition  that 
is  suspicious  of  foot-and-mouth  disease,  the  inspector 
should,  in  addition  to  washing  his  rubber  garments,  fumi- 
gate his  clothing  with  formaldehyde  gas  before  leaving  the 
premises.  The  greatest  care  should  be  exercised  to  pre- 
vent carrying  infection  from  diseased  to  healthy  herds  and 
to  avoid  criticism  on  account  of  apparent  carelessness. 

Field  Headquarters. — Headquarters  should  be  cen- 
trally located  if  possible.  If  the  outbreak  extends  over  a 
large  area  the  territory  should  be  divided  into  districts, 
and  a  substation  established  in  each  district.  A  competent 
veterinary  inspector  should  be  detailed  to  take  charge  in 
each  district.  He  should  be  furnished  with  the  necessary 
assistants  and  equipment  and  should  be  held  responsible 
for  the  efficient  conduct  of  the  work  in  his  district. 


22 


Reports  to  Headquarters. — At  the  end  of  each  day's 
work  the  inspector  in  charge  of  each  substation  should  be 
required  to  make  a  report  to  headquarters  by  telephone, 
telegraph,  or  otherwise,  showing: 

1.  Number  of  new  infected  herds  discovered. 

2.  Number  of  infected  herds  slaughtered. 

3.  Number  of  infected  herds  awaiting  slaughter. 

4.  Number  of  infected  herds  appraised. 

5.  Number  of  infected  herds  awaiting  appraisal. 

6.  Number  of  trenches  ready. 

7.  Number  of  trenches  digging. 

8.  Number  of  premises  disinfected. 

.9.  Number  of  premises  where  herds  have  been  slaugh- 
tered and  the  premises  are  ready  for  disinfection. 

When  this  knowledge  has  been  collected  for  an  entire 
district,  the  inspector  in  charge  should  forward  these  facts 
in  a  night  letter  (telegram)  to  the  Washington  officials  for 
their  information. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Forwarding  Reports. — Inspectors  in  charge  should 
forward  promptly  to  the  bureau  at  Washington  all  forms 
provided  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  records  of  animals 
infected,  slaughtered,  disinfection  of  premises,  etc.  In 
addition  to  these,  daily  telegraphic  letters  should  be  for- 
warded each  night  giving  a  list  of  the  herds  and  territory 
found  infected  and  such  other  information  as  may  be  of 
value  or  interest. 

Inspectors  engaged  in  locating  infected  herds  should  in- 
clude in  their  reports  the  manner  in  which  infection  was 
carried  to  the  herds,  and  any  other  items  of  value.  Reports 
should  be  filled  out  carefully  and  in  a  legible  manner. 

Resistance  to  Inspectors. — Where  inspectors  are  for- 
bidden admittance  to  premises,  or  to  make  examination  of 
animals  in  suspected  territory,  no  physical  force  should  be 
offered.    Every  effort  should  be  made,  however,  courte- 


23 


ously  to  convince  the  owner  of  the  premises  or  stock  of  the 
necessity  for  making  such  examination.  Failing  to  secure 
admittance  to  proceed,  the  inspector  should  notify  the 
station  inspector  in  charge,  who  shall  immediately  take 
the  matter  up  with  the  State  officials  with  a  view  to  having 
the  inspector  accompanied  by  a  local  police  official.  Pend- 
ing admittance  to  the  premises  or  animals,  the .  inspector 
should  immediately  call  upon  the  State  authorities  to 
place  such  premises  or  animals  under  close  quarantine, 
under  guard,  until  the  examination  can  be  made. 

Wliere  inspectors  are  forcibly  assaulted  no  resistance 
should  be  shown  except  that  actuated  by  self-defense. 
Telegraphic  notice  should  be  at  once  forwarded,  through 
the  inspector  in  charge,  to  the  Washington  office,  who  will 
advise  of  the  legal  action  to  be  taken. 

Shipments  from  Quarantined  Areas. — In  some  in- 
stances shipments  from  quarantined  areas,  where  ship- 
ment has  been  permitted  for  immediate  slaughter  only, 
have  been  diverted  or  sold  at  point  of  destination  as 
stockers  or  feeders,  and  infection  of  new  territory  has 
resulted.  Efforts  should  be  made  to  see  that  shipments  of 
stock  so  consigned  are  slaughtered  with  as  little  delay 
as  possible,  and  the  cooperation  of  the  State  authorities 
should  be  enlisted  to  this  end. 

Where  infection  is  discovered  following  any  violation  of 
the  quarantine  regulations  no  appraisement  should  be 
made  by  bureau  inspectors  of  animals  so  handled  without 
special  authorization  from  the  chief  of  the  bureau. 

Infection  at  Establishments  under  Federal  Meat 
Inspection. — Where  animals  are  found  infected  in  the 
pens  of  an  establishment  under  Federal  meat  inspection 
the  carcasses  should  be  condemned  under  the  meat- 
inspection  regulations.  The  hides  from  these  carcasses 
may  be  immersed  for  not  less  than  four  hours  in  a  mixture 
composed  of  1  part  of  bichlorid  of  mercury  to  1,000  parts 


24 


of  salt  solution  of  a  strength  not  less  than  15  per  cent  to 
saturation,  and  the  usual  system  of  thorough  disinfection 
followed.  Particular  efforts  in  this  direction  should  be 
made  as  regards  clothing  of  workers  (which  should  be 
sterilized),  knives,  utensils,  killing  floors,  knocking  and 
bleeding  pens,  alleys,  chutes,  and  exposed  pens  of  the 
establishment  where  infected  animals  have  traversed,  as 
well  as  the  car  or  cars  in  which  the  animals  were  shipped. 

Reporting  Unexpended  Property  at  Completion  of 
Work. — Upon  completion  of  the  work  at  the  end  of  an 
outbreak  bureau  employees  should  furnish  the  Washington 
office  with  an  alphabetical  list  in  duplicate  of  all  the  non- 
expendable property  in  their  possession,  used  especially  in 
connection  with  foot-and-mouth  disease,  giving  the  con- 
dition of  the  various  articles.  As  soon  as  pumps,  guns, 
tools,  hoes,  picks,  etc.,  are  no  longer  needed  for  constant 
use  they  should  be  properly  and  thoroughly  cleaned  and 
all  articiecj  that  are  liable  to  rust  should  be  coated  with 
vaseline  or  oiled  or  painted.  Hoes,  rakes,  shovels,  etc., 
should  be  bundled  and  securely  wired  together  and  prepa- 
rations made  for  boxing  or  otherwise  packing  other  articles 
for  shipment  in  compliance  with  instructions. 


